The Non-Linear Path of Discovery, & Publicly Funded Research

Philip Seo, MD, MHS, is an associate professor of medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore. He is director of both the Johns Hopkins Vasculitis Center and the Johns Hopkins Rheumatology Fellowship Program.

References

1. Johnson NG. Explosive. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2015 May 7.
2. Sobrero A. Sur plusieur composés détonants produits avec l’acide nitrique et le sucre, la dextrine, la lactine, la mannite et la glycérine. Comptes rendus. 1847;24:247–248.
3. Sobrero A. Sopra alcuni nuovi composti fulminanti ottenuti col mezzo dell’azione dell’acido nitrico sulle sostante organiche vegetali. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino (2nd series). 1849;10:195–201.
4. Liquid nitroglycerin and the transcontinental railroad. American Experience, Season 15. 2013 Jan 27.
5. Drahl C. About dynamite, the reason we have Nobel prizes. Forbes. 2016 Oct 1.
6. Schultz C. Blame sloppy journalism for the Nobel prizes. Smithsonian.com. 2013 Oct 9.
7. Brau CA. Shepherd VL. Ragnar Sohlman and the will of Alfred Nobel. Class notes for Honors 182, the Nobel Prize Winners in Science, Vanderbilt University, 1/16/2005; material from a variety of sources including Ragnar Sohlman, The Legacy of Alfred Nobel (The Bodley Head Ltd. London, 1983)..
8. Ragnar Sohlman. The Nobel prize.
9. Grady D. 2018 Nobel Prize in Medicine awarded to 2 cancer immunotherapy researchers. The New York Times. 2018 Oct 1.
10. Cappelli LC, Shah AA, Bingham CO 3rd. Immune-related adverse effects of cancer immunotherapy—implications for rheumatology. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2017 Feb;43(1):65–78.
11. Chang C. Use of evolution to design molecules nets Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 3 scientists. The New York Times. 2018 Oct 3.
12. Pande J, Szewczyk MM, Grover AK. Phage display: Concept, innovations, applications and future. Biotechnol Adv. 2010 Nov–Dec;28(6):849–858.
13. Barrera P, Joosten LA, den Broeder AA, et al. Effects of treatment with a fully human anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody on the local and systemic homeostasis of interleukin 1 and TNF alpha in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001 Jul;60(7):660–669.
14. Fruciano E. Phage as an antimicrobial agent: d’Herelle’s heretical theories and their role in the decline of phage prophylaxis in the West. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2007 Jan;18(1):19–26.
15. Carroll AE. Why the medical research grant system could be costing us great ideas. The New York Times. 2018 Jun 18.