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Case Report: Giant Cell Arteritis-Related Stroke

Jessica Meek, MD, Anna Coppinger, DO, & Sejal Khan, DO  |  Issue: September 2023  |  September 10, 2023

References

  1. Chen JJ, Leavitt JA, Fang C, et al. Evaluating the incidence of arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy and other causes of vision loss from giant cell arteritis. Ophthalmology. 2016 Sep;123(9):1999–2003.
  2. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Vazquez-Rodriguez TR, Gomez-Acebo I, et al. Strokes at time of disease diagnosis in a series of 287 patients with biopsy proven giant cell arteritis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2009 Jul;88(4):227–235.
  3. Samson M, Jacquin A, Audia S, et al. Stroke associated with giant cell arteritis: A population-based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015 Feb;86(2):216–221.
  4. de Boysson H, Liozon E, Larivière D, et al. Giant cell arteritis–related stroke: A retrospective multicenter case-control study. J Rheumatol. 2017 Mar;44(3):297–303.
  5. Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Derdeyn CP, et al. Stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep;365(11):993–1003.
  6. Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Howlett-Smith H, et al. Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar;352(13):1305–1316.
  7. Sanchez-Alvarez C, Hawkins AS, Koster MJ, et al. Clinical and radiographic features of giant cell arteritis with intracranial involvement. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2020 Aug;2(8):471–477.
  8. Maz M, Chung SA, Abril A, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2021 Aug;73(8):1071–1087.
  9. Stone JH, Tuckwell K, Dimonaco S, et al. Trial of tocilizumab in giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul;377(4):317–328.
  10. Kermani TA, Warrington KJ, Cuthbertson D, et al. Disease relapses among patients with giant cell arteritis: A prospective, longitudinal cohort study. J Rheumatol. 2015;42(7):1213–1217.
  11. Proven A, Gabriel SE, Orces C, et al. Glucocorticoid therapy in giant cell arteritis: Duration and adverse outcomes. Arthritis Care Res. 2003 Oct;49(5):703–708.
  12. Ogino MH, Tadi P. Cyclophosphamide. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, Fla.: StatPearls Publishing; 2022. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553087.
  13. de Boysson H, Boutemy J, Creveuil C, et al. Is there a place for cyclophosphamide in the treatment of giant-cell arteritis? A case series and systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Aug;43(1):105–112.
  14. Schiff MH, Kremer JM, Jahreis A, et al. Integrated safety in tocilizumab clinical trials. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13(5):R141.
  15. Villiger PM, Adler S, Kuchen S, et al. Tocilizumab for induction and maintenance of remission in giant cell arteritis: A phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Lond Engl. 2016 May; 387(10031):1921–1927.
  16. Hernández-Rodríguez J, Segarra M, Vilardell C, et al. Elevated production of interleukin-6 is associated with a lower incidence of disease-related ischemic events in patients with giant cell arteritis: Angiogenic activity of interleukin-6 as a potential protective mechanism. Circulation. 2003 May;107(19):2428–2434.
  17. Nellan A, McCully CML, Cruz Garcia R, et al. Improved CNS exposure to tocilizumab after cerebrospinal fluid compared to intravenous administration in rhesus macaques. Blood. 2018 Aug;132(6):662–666.
  18. Cox B, Fulgham J, Klaas J. Recurrent stroke in giant cell arteritis despite immunotherapy. Neurologist. 2019 Jul; 24(4):139–141.
  19. Lee MS, Smith SD, Galor A, et al. Antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in patients with giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Oct; 54(10):3306–3309.

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