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Gout & Cardiometabolic Co-Morbidities

Jason Liebowitz, MD, FACR  |  October 28, 2025

 

References

  1. GBD 2021 Gout Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of gout, 1990-2020, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Rheumatol. 2024 Aug;6(8):e507-e517.
  2. Eun Y, Han K, Lee SW, et al. Altered Risk of Incident Gout According to Changes in Metabolic Syndrome Status: A Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study of 1.29 Million Young Men. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023 May;75(5):806-815.
  3. Eun Y, Han K, Lee SW, et al. Increased risk of incident gout in young men with metabolic syndrome: A nationwide population-based cohort study of 3.5 million men. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Nov 14;9:1010391.
  4. McCormick N, O’Connor MJ, Yokose C, et al. Assessing the Causal Relationships Between Insulin Resistance and Hyperuricemia and Gout Using Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021 Nov;73(11):2096-2104.
  5. Liu SC, Xia L, Zhang J, et al. Gout and Risk of Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. PLoS One. 2015 Jul 31;10(7):e0134088.
  6. Cipolletta E, Tata LJ, Nakafero G, et al. Association Between Gout Flare and Subsequent Cardiovascular Events Among Patients With Gout. JAMA. 2022 Aug 2;328(5):440-450.
  7. Ferguson LD, Molenberghs G, Verbeke G, et al. Gout and incidence of 12 cardiovascular diseases: a case-control study including 152 663 individuals with gout and 709 981 matched controls. Lancet Rheumatol. 2024 Mar;6(3):e156-e167.
  8. Kuo CF, Grainge MJ, Mallen C, et al. Impact of gout on the risk of atrial fibrillation. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016 Apr;55(4):721-8.
  9. Sedighi J, Luedde M, Gaensbacher-Kunzendorf J, et al. The association between gout and subsequent cardiovascular events: a retrospective cohort study with 132,000 using propensity score matching in primary care outpatients in Germany. Clin Res Cardiol. 2025 Sep;114(9):1185-1190.
  10. Wang Y, Deng X, Zhang X, et al. Presence of tophi and carotid plaque were risk factors of MACE in subclinical artherosclerosis patients with gout: a longitudinal cohort study. Front Immunol. 2023 Apr 18;14:1151782.
  11. 2019, February 21. FDA adds Boxed Warning for increased risk of death with gout medicine Uloric (febuxostat). FDA.
  12. White WB, Saag KG, Becker MA, et al. Cardiovascular Safety of Febuxostat or Allopurinol in Patients with Gout. N Engl J Med. 2018 Mar 29;378(13):1200-1210.
  13. Mackenzie IS, Ford I, Nuki G, et al. Long-term cardiovascular safety of febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with gout (FAST): a multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2020 Nov 28;396(10264):1745-1757.
  14. Tardif JC, Kouz S, Waters DD, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Colchicine after Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med. 2019 Dec 26;381(26):2497-2505.
  15. Nidorf SM, Fiolet ATL, Mosterd A, et al. Colchicine in Patients with Chronic Coronary Disease. N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 5;383(19):1838-1847.
  16. Banerjee M, Pal R, Maisnam I, et al. Serum uric acid lowering and effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on gout: A meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023 Sep;25(9):2697-2703.
  17. Hu Q, Yang S, Zhang B, et al. Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on serum urate levels and gout in patients with and without type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pharm. 2025 Oct;47(5):1162-1176.

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Filed under:ACR ConvergenceConditionsGout and Crystalline Arthritis Tagged with:ACR Convergence 2025AllopurinolCardiovascular diseasecardiovascular riskColchicinecomorbiditiesFebuxostatGout Resource Centerhyperuricemiametabolic syndromeSGLT2 inhibitors

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