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The Chimeric Self

J. Lee Nelson, MD, and Anne Stevens, MD, PhD  |  Issue: February 2007  |  

Dr. Nelson is professor of immunogenetics in the clinical research division of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and professor of medicine at the University of Washington in Seattle. Dr. Stevens is assistant professor of pediatrics in the division of immunology and rheumatology at the University of Washington in Seattle and in the department of immunology and rheumatology at Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center.

References

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  2. Lo YMD, Lau TK, Chan LYS, Leung TN, Chang AMZ. Quantitative analysis of the bi-directional fetomaternal transfer of nucleated cells and plasma DNA. Clin Chem. 2000;46:1301-1309.
  3. Hench PS. The ameliorating effect of pregnancy on chronic atrophic (infectious rheumatoid) arthritis, fibrositis, and intermittent hydrarthrosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 1938;13:161-167.
  4. Nelson JL, Hughes KA, Smith AG, et al. Maternal-fetal disparity in HLA class II alloantigens and the pregnancy-induced amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:466-471.
  5. Yan Z, Lambert NC, Guthrie KA, et al. Male microchimerism in women without sons: Quantitative assessment and correlation with pregnancy history. Am J Med. 2005;118:899-906.
  6. Adams K, Yan Z, Stevens AM, Nelson JL. The changing maternal “self” hypothesis: A mechanism for maternal tolerance of the fetus. Placenta. 2006; epub advance of print August 23: doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2006.07.003.
  7. Bianchi DW, Zickwolf GK, Weil GJ, Sylvester S, DeMaria MA. Male fetal progenitor cells persist in maternal blood for as long as 27 years postpartum. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1996;93:705-708.
  8. Adams KA, Nelson JL. Microchimerism: An investigative frontier in autoimmunity and transplantation. JAMA. 2004;291:1127-1131.
  9. Maloney S, Smith AG, Furst DE, et al. Microchimerism of maternal origin persists into adult life. J Clin Invest. 1999,4:41-47.
  10. Nelson JL. Maternal-fetal immunology and autoimmune disease. Is some autoimmune disease auto-alloimmune or allo-autoimmune? Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39:191-194.
  11. Nelson JL, Furst DE, Maloney S, et al. Microchimerism and HLA-compatible relationships of pregnancy in SSc. Lancet. 1998;351:559-562.
  12. Lambert NC, Erickson TD, Zhen Y, et al. Quantification of maternal microchimerism by HLA specific real-time PCR. Studies of healthy women and women with scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:906-914.
  13. Loubiere LS, Lambert NC, Flinn L, et al. Maternal microchimerism in healthy adults in lymphocytes, monocyte/macrophages, and NK cells. Lab Invest. 2006; advance online September 11: doi:10.1038/labinvest. 3700471.
  14. Reed AM, Picornell YJ, Harwood A, Kredich DW. Chimerism in children with juvenile dermatomyositis. Lancet. 2000;356:2156-2157.
  15. Artlett CM, Ramos R, Jiminez SA, et al. Chimeric cells of maternal origin in juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Lancet. 2000;356:2155-2156.
  16. Reed AM, McNallan K, Wettstein P, Vehe R, Ober C. Does HLA-dependent chimerism underlie the pathogenesis of juvenile dermatomyositits? J Immunol. 2004;172:5041-5046.
  17. Stevens AM, Hermes H, Rutledge R, Buyon J, Nelson JL. Maternal microchimerism has myocardial tissue-specific phenotype in neonatal lupus congenital heart block. Lancet. 2003;362:1617-1623.
  18. Khosrotehrani K, Johnson KL, Cha DH, Salomon RN, Bianchi DW. Transfer of fetal cells with multilineage potential to maternal tissue. JAMA. 2004;292:75-80.
  19. Stevens AM, Mullarkey ME, Pang JM, et al. Liver biopsies from human females contain male hepatocytes in the absence of transplantation. Lab Invest. 2004;84:1603-1609.
  20. Portanova JP, Kotzin BL. Lupus-like autoimmunity in murine graft-versus-host disease. Concepts Immunopathol. 1988;6:119-140.
  21. Stevens AM, Tsao B, Hahn B, et al. Maternal HLA class II compatibility in men with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:2768-2773.
  22. Stevens AM. Microchimeric cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: Targets or innocent bystanders? Lupus. 2006;15:820-826
  23. Hovinga IC, Koopmans M, Baelde HJ, et al. Chimerism occurs twice as often in lupus nephritis as in normal kidneys. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:2944-2950.

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