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Labored Breathing

Staff  |  Issue: January 2007  |  January 1, 2007

Dr. Silver is professor of medicine and pediatrics at the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston. He would like to thank his colleagues in the Pulmonary Hypertension Center at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) and the patients and staff of the MUSC Scleroderma Clinic.

Michele Kaufman is a freelance medical writer based in New York City and a clinical pharmacist at New York Downtown Hospital.

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References:

  1. Dyspnea. Mechanisms, assessments, and management: a consensus statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:321-340.
  2. Ostendorf B, Maiburg B, Schneider M. Scleroderma and Paul Klee: Metamorphosis of life and art (Title in German). Z Rheumatol. 2004;63:318-325.
  3. Markel H. The stethoscope and the art of listening. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:551-553.
  4. Launay D, Remy-Jardin M, Michon-Pasturel U, et al. High resolution computed tomography in fibrosing alveolitis associated with systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:1789-1801.
  5. Silver RM, Metcalf JF, Stanley JH, LeRoy EC. Interstitial lung disease in scleroderma. Analysis by bronchoalveolar lavage. Arthritis Rheum. 1984;27: 12541262.
  6. Ludwicka A, Trojanowska M, Smith EA, et al. Growth and characterization of fibroblasts obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage of scleroderma patients. J Rheumatol. 1992;19:1716-1723.
  7. Bogatkevich GS, Ludwicka-Bradley A, Nietert PJ, Silver RM. Scleroderma lung fibroblasts: Contractility and connective tissue growth factor. In: Tissue Repair, Contraction and the Myofibroblast, Desmouliere A, Gabbiani G, eds., Springer Science + Business Media, 2006.
  8. Wigley FM, Lima JA, Mayes M, et al. The prevalence of undiagnosed pulmonary arterial hypertension in subjects with connective tissue disease at the secondary health care level of community-based rheumatologists (the UNCOVER study). Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:2125-2132.
  9. Pope JE, Lee P, Baron M, et al. Prevalence of elevated pulmonary arterial pressures measured by echocardiography in a multicenter study of patients with systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 2005;32:1273-1278.
  10. Tashkin DP, Elashoff R, Clements PJ, et al. for the Scleroderma Lung Study. Cyclophosphamide versus placebo in scleroderma lung disease. N Eng J Med. 2006;354:2655-2666.
  11. Badesch DB, Abman SH, Ahearn GS, et al. Medical therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2004;126:35S-62S.
  12. Denton CP, Humbert M, Rubin L, Black CM. Bosentan treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension related to connective tissue disease: a subgroup analysis of the pivotal clinical trials and their open-label extensions. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:1336-1340.

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Filed under:ConditionsSystemic Sclerosis Tagged with:DiagnosisInterstitial Lung DiseaseManagementpulmonary arterial hypertensionSclerodermaSystemic sclerosisTreatment

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