The FDA has accepted an NDA for methotrexate (MPI-2505), a subcutaneous (SubQ) MTX in a ready-to-use “autopen” injection device, available for drug concentrations of 30 mg/mL or more.6 The proposed indications for this device are RA, polyarticular-course juvenile RA, and psoriasis.
Drug Safety Antidepressant Hepatotoxicity
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of liver damage, accounting for more than 50% of cases of acute liver failure.7 Recently, Voican et al published their review for clinicians on this topic. They conducted a PubMed search evaluating the potential for DILI related to antidepressants, evaluating clinical data on antidepressant-induced liver injury from 158 reports, including 88 case reports, 38 original articles, and 32 reviews dating back to 1965.8 They noted that data on antidepressant liver injury is scarce, but calculated that 0.5% to 3% of patients treated with antidepressants may develop asymptomatic mild serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level elevations. DILI is more common in patients taking multiple medications and in the elderly. Additionally, the risk of DILI may also increase with concomitant use of one or more agents that target the same cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoenzyme pathway. Antidepressant-induced liver injury is usually considered to be dose independent; however, dose escalations of duloxetine, nefazodone (no longer available in the United States), sertraline, and mianserin (a tetracyclic antidepressant not available in the United States, but similar to mirtazapine) have led to toxicity in some case reports. Hepatotoxicity is usually idiosyncratic and unpredictable. In a retrospective analysis of DILI cases reported in the U.S., daily drug doses of ≥50 mg were associated with a higher risk of liver failure. Based on the evidence, the highest-risk antidepressants are the monoamine oxidase inhibitor class, and nefazodone, imipramine, amitriptyline, duloxetine, bupropion, trazodone, tianeptine (a selective serotonin reuptake enhancer not available in the U.S.), and agomelatine (a melatonergic antidepressant not available in the U.S.). Agents that appear to have a lower risk of DILI include citalopram, escitalopram, fluvoxamine, and paroxetine. Liver injury usually occurs within six months of beginning treatment. Although infrequent, antidepressant DILI may be irreversible and life threatening. Clinicians need to be aware of this because patients are often treated with concomitant potential hepatotoxins or agents that target the same CYP450 isoenzyme pathway. Monitoring for serum ALT level elevations is the best surveillance to detect potential DILI. Prompt drug discontinuation is critical.
Dr. Kaufman is a freelance medical writer based in New York City, a pharmacist at New York Presbyterian–Lower Manhattan Hospital, a certified geriatric pharmacist, and adjunct faculty at Touro College of Pharmacy.
References
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- Medac Pharma Inc secures FDA acceptance of a New Drug Application (NDA) for Methotrexate-Containing Autopen. Published January 27, 2014. www.medacpharma.com/medac-pharma-inc-secures-fda-acceptance-of-a-new-drug-application-nda-for-methotrexate-containing-autopen. Last Accessed January 29, 2014.
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- Voican CS, Corruble E, Naveau S, Perlemuter G. Antidepressant-induced liver injury: A review for clinicians. Am J Psychiatry. 2013 Dec 20. [Epub ahead of print]
