Back to Basics: RheumMadness 2022 Increasing ANA Positivity Scouting Report

Editor’s note: RheumMadness is the place for everyone crazy about rheumatology to connect, collaborate, compete and learn together. During RheumMadness, rheumatology concepts represent teams that compete against each other in a tournament, much like basketball teams do in the NCAA’s March Madness tournament. In a series for The Rheumatologist, readers will get a chance to read the scouting reports for each concept team. These reports are written by rheumatology fellows from

13 programs throughout the U.S.

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Region: People

Team: Increasing +ANA

Our base article explores how the prevalence of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) has changed over the past 25 years. Dinse et al. studied more than 14,000 participants from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) using serum ANA via indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) assays to determine ANA prevalence during three different time periods: 1988–1991, 1999–2004 and 2011–2012. After adjusting for sex, age and race/ethnicity, results show a significant increase in ANA positivity over the past 25 years, with some interesting subgroup differences (see Table 1).¹

Interestingly, the increasing prevalence of ANA was apparent in adolescents aged 12–19 years old (P<0.0001) and adults older than 50 years (P=0.001). However, this trend was not seen in adults aged 20–49 years old. The increase in prevalence between the second and third time periods was larger than the increase between the first and the second time periods.

All serum samples were run using IFA on Hep-2 cells. Therefore, differences in testing assays—and possible false positives or negatives—would not account for the trends. The increase in prevalence was seen in both sexes and non-Hispanic whites. Of note, the prevalence of thyroid disease increased across all three time periods, and ANA rates were higher among subjects with thyroid disease compared with those without. These results also showed a positive association between patients who were overweight (i.e., with a body mass index [BMI] of 25≤30 kg/m²) and ANA prevalence in the third period compared with the first period.  

Implications

When considering the future implications of these findings, we first should ask, “What are ANA really, and what is the significance of a positive test?”

ANA are specific autoantibodies against nuclei of cells. Although the widespread belief was that these were antibodies inappropriately produced by the body and more is always worse, increasing evidence exists that autoantibodies are a natural part of physiologic autoimmunity.² Therefore, autoantibodies may play a regulatory role in the body, and there may be an optimal amount of autoimmunity necessary for normal functioning, prompting the newer notion that autoimmunity is not autoimmune disease. 

So is this increase in the prevalence of ANA reflective of the increase in cases of autoimmune disease? Not necessarily. ANA have been associated with chemical exposures, infections, thyroid disease, medications and parity, some of which are changing in frequency.

The study did not show a consistent correlation between BMI increase and ANA positivity because the upward trend in ANA prevalence did not reach statistical significance for the obese category. But the study did find a positive association between being overweight and increase in ANA prevalence. BMI has been associated with risk of systemic autoimmune diseases, and uptrends in BMI exist in the U.S. population.

What does the increase in ANA prevalence tell us about the susceptibility of developing autoimmune disease? This question becomes especially important when considering the increasing prevalence of ANA in adolescents. The increase in the prevalence of thyroid disease at the same time as the rise in ANA prevalence is interesting and makes us wonder about this question. Additional studies are needed to examine these various factors and to assess the trends in prevalence of connective tissue disease in relation to ANA to better answer these important questions.

Chances in the Tournament

In the era of analytics, such as efficiency ratings, ordering ANA tests may be considered the worst possible shot selection—just like logo shots. However, when done by shrewd rheumatologists, channeling the skills of a Steph Curry, they may still be effective.

For better or worse, ANA remain the backbone of serologies used in our field. Despite the fancy moves and the complicated defensive or offensive strategies, we should always go back to the basics and examine what truly excites a rheumatologist on a day-to-day basis—seeing those positive ANA consults. And yes, more of them may be coming.

We think Increasing +ANA will go far in the tournament given the breadth this topic covers, the implications on our patients and because it’s the most common biomarker of autoimmunity. We certainly see more referrals for ANA positivity than for interpreting MRI scans in spondyloarthritis.

Ana B. Arevalo, MD, is a first-year rheumatology fellow at the University of Chicago School of Medicine. 

Kichul Ko, MD, is an assistant professor of medicine at the University of Chicago School of Medicine.

References

1. Dinse GE, Parks CG, Weinberg CR, et al. Increasing prevalence of antinuclear antibodies in the United States. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020 Jun;72(6):1026–1035.
2. Pashnina IA, Krivolapova IM, Fedotkina TV, et al. Antinuclear autoantibodies in health: Autoimmunity is not a synonym of autoimmune disease. Antibodies (Basel). 2021 Feb 25;10(1):9.